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2009-04-12
Ecology+interaction - [interaction design]
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"Jodi Forlizzi
School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
The field of interaction design has broadened its focus from issues surrounding one person interacting with one system to how systems are socially and culturally situated among groups of people. To understand the situations surrounding product use interaction design researchers have turned to qualitative, ethnographic research methods. However, stripped from underlying theory, these methods can be prescriptive at best. This paper introduces Product Ecology as a theoretical design framework to describe how products evoke social behavior, to provide a roadmap for choosing appropriate qualitative research methods and to extend design culture within HCI by allowing for flexible, design-centered research planning and opportunity-seeking. This product-centered framework is illustrated as a method for selecting a set of design research methods and for working with other research approaches that study people in naturalistic settings.-interaction design journal
Key Ideas About the Product Ecology
- each product has its own ecology, resulting in subjective and individual experience in using the same product. However, this experience of product use is mediated by other factors in the ecology.
- the factors in the Product Ecology are dynamic, and interconnected in several ways.
- changes in product use cause changes in other factors of the Product Ecology.
- the Product Ecology can be delimited by a group of people in close proximity, or a group that is spread out over a great distance.
The Culture of Design:Flexibility in Seeking Change
one motivation for this research is to provide an understanding of how to use qualitative research methods to scaffold explicit knowledge in the world and the implicit knowledge of a design team. This is a key component of the culture of design, which is characterized by particular activities and approaches to choosing research methods.
One view of design culture is of the design team as a selforganizing system in response to a wicked, or unconstrained problem (Löwgren & Stolterman, 1999; Nelson & Stolterman,2005). Horst Rittel, a mathematician, architect, and designer,extensively studied and compared approaches to problem solving over a variety of disciplines (Rith & Dubberly, 2007). Rittel sought to differentiate the approach of designers and scientists in solving problems, differentiating problem types as either tame or wicked.Tame problems have trivial concerns, are quickly identified, and are solved rationally, practically, and efficiently using linear problem solving methods (Nelson & Stolterman, 2005). On the other hand, wicked problems do not lend themselves to simple characterizations, or to simple procedures for solution. According to Rittel, wicked problems are a “class of social system problems which are ill-formulated, where the information is confusing,where many [shareholders] have conflicting values, and where the ramifications in the whole system are thoroughly confusing”(Churchman, 1967, p. 164). These problems are well suited for intuitive, design-centered approaches to opportunity and solutionseeking."
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- 生态的系统？agglomeration（集群）？集群内部的自适应：与周围环境的自适应；内部成员的自适应；环境对集群整体的自适应；整体对个体的自适应...
- 从单个人与机器（系统）到一个系统更在社会和文化层面更人性化的服务对应用户群。
- flexible, design-centered research planning and opportunity-seeking
- from opportunity-seeking to solution-seeking
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