莫扎特的早餐

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"Jodi Forlizzi

School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

The field of interaction design has broadened its focus from issues surrounding one person interacting with one system to how systems are socially and culturally situated among groups of people. To understand the situations surrounding product use interaction design researchers have turned to qualitative, ethnographic research methods. However, stripped from underlying theory, these methods can be prescriptive at best. This paper introduces Product Ecology as a theoretical design framework to describe how products evoke social behavior, to provide a roadmap for choosing appropriate qualitative research methods and to extend design culture within HCI by allowing for flexible, design-centered research planning and opportunity-seeking. This product-centered framework is illustrated as a method for selecting a set of design research methods and for working with other research approaches that study people in naturalistic settings.-interaction design journal

Key Ideas About the Product Ecology

• each product has its own ecology, resulting in subjective and individual experience in using the same product. However, this experience of product use is mediated by other factors in the ecology.
• the factors in the Product Ecology are dynamic, and interconnected in several ways.
• changes in product use cause changes in other factors of the Product Ecology.
• the Product Ecology can be delimited by a group of people in close proximity, or a group that is spread out over a great distance.

The Culture of Design:Flexibility in Seeking Change

one motivation for this research is to provide an understanding of how to use qualitative research methods to scaffold explicit knowledge in the world and the implicit knowledge of a design team. This is a key component of the culture of design, which is characterized by particular activities and approaches to choosing research methods.

One view of design culture is of the design team as a selforganizing system in response to a wicked, or unconstrained problem (Löwgren & Stolterman, 1999; Nelson & Stolterman,2005). Horst Rittel, a mathematician, architect, and designer,extensively studied and compared approaches to problem solving over a variety of disciplines (Rith & Dubberly, 2007). Rittel sought to differentiate the approach of designers and scientists in solving problems, differentiating problem types as either tame or wicked.Tame problems have trivial concerns, are quickly identified, and are solved rationally, practically, and efficiently using linear problem solving methods (Nelson & Stolterman, 2005). On the other hand, wicked problems do not lend themselves to simple characterizations, or to simple procedures for solution. According to Rittel, wicked problems are a “class of social system problems which are ill-formulated, where the information is confusing,where many [shareholders] have conflicting values, and where the ramifications in the whole system are thoroughly confusing”(Churchman, 1967, p. 164). These problems are well suited for intuitive, design-centered approaches to opportunity and solutionseeking."

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• 生态的系统？agglomeration（集群）？集群内部的自适应：与周围环境的自适应；内部成员的自适应；环境对集群整体的自适应；整体对个体的自适应...
• 从单个人与机器（系统）到一个系统更在社会和文化层面更人性化的服务对应用户群。
• flexible, design-centered research planning and opportunity-seeking
• from opportunity-seeking to solution-seeking

 

 

更好更快的UX解决过程——sketchboards、paper prototype - [用户体验]

 

http://uiclub.blogbus.com/logs/20127849.html

A Call to Arms

• Keynote: An Insurgency of Quality
  Alan Cooper, Cooper
• Keynote: The Design Eco-System
  Bill Buxton, Microsoft

Practice and Skills

• Concept Models: A Tool for Planning Interaction
  Dan Brown, EightShapes
• Concept Ideation and IxD
  Gretchen Anderson, Lunar
• Don't Make Me Click
  Aza Raskin, Humanized
• Conceptual Designs
  Susan Wyche, Georgia Tech
• Effective Prototyping Methods
  Jonathan Arnowitz, Google
• What Makes a Design Seem Intuitive?
  Jared Spool, UIE
• Designing for the Other 99%
  Morten Hjerde, mBricks
• Help Me! A New Approach to Support Interactions
  Doug Bolin, Avenue A | Razorfish
• New Interaction Model for a Modular Personal Infotainment System
  Sajid Saiyed, Phillips

Thinking in Different Ways

• Keynote: Intervention-Interaction
  Sigi Moeslinger, Antenna Design
• Design for Flow
  Dave Cronin, Cooper
• Conversations with Everyday Objects
  Bill DeRouchey, Ziba Design
• Classic Design Movements and IxD: Kissing Cousins?
  Chris Bernard, Microsoft
• Hit it with The Pretty Stick
  Jenny Lam, Jackson Fish Market
• Strategic Boredom
  Molly Wright Steenson, Princeton University
• Device Art
  Régine Debatty, We Make Money Not Art

Interaction Design and Cinema

• Cinematic Interaction Design
  Sarah Allen, Laszlo Systems
• Dramatic Features in Interaction Design
  Chris Conley, Gravity Tank
• Self-Conscious Gaming
  Andrew Hieronymi, SCAD

Interaction Design and Organizations

• Interaction Across Disciplines
  Michele Tepper, frog
• Experience Design, Convergence + The Digital Agency
  David Armano, Critical Mass
• User Interface Design in an Agile Environment: Enter the Design Studio
  Jeff White and Jim Unger, JewelryTV

Case Studies

• Designing for SpaceTime, Building in No-Time
  Matt Jones, Dopplr
• Redesigning Sony-Ericsson's Product Catalog
  Saskia Idzerda, Media Catalyst
• Visualizing Radio
  Yasser Rashid, BBC

Interaction Design's Place in the World

• Keynote: Dense Notation, In Context
  Malcolm McCullough, University of Michigan
• Ethics of Everyday Design
  Gabriel White, frog
• Interaction Design for Community Empowerment
  Carl DiSalvo, Georgia Tech

Pick a Career Instead of a Job

是“择业”而不是选择“工作”

Looking for a job haphazardly, because you majored in something or because you saw a listing that looks somewhat interesting, you'll risk getting started in a career that holds no real appeal for you, and then you'll have to leave it to find something else. Why not plan your career strategically, just like you planned your education?
随意找一份工作，只不过因为你的专业相关或感到工作内容有趣，那么你可能会进入一个对你来说并没有真正吸引力的行业，不用多久你就得再去找工作。何不用战略的眼光来规划你的职业，就像曾规划教育一样？

Start by doing a self-assessment that teaches you things about yourself that you might never have thought about -- for example, what you like and don't like in a work environment, what defines success for you, and what type of work would make you want to sit in traffic for hours just for the privilege of showing up. Knowing these things can help you determine which occupations could be a good fit for you.
你可以先作个自我评估，这会让你了解许多你不曾注意到的事情——例如，你喜欢怎样的工作环境、讨厌的工作环境又如何；你认为怎样才算是成功；什么样的工作会让你宁愿忍受几小时的交通堵塞、仅仅为了出现在办公室？了解这些能帮你决定那些职业适合你。

If You Can't Get a Job Right Away, Don't Despair
即使不能立刻找到工作，也不要绝望

If you start thinking of yourself as a victim or allow yourself to lapse into prolonged negativity, you won't be hurting anyone except yourself. Worrying until you get sick, abusing drugs or denying that you've reached an impasse won't help either. The best strategy for moving on is to recognize the reality of the situation, acknowledge your feelings and find a way to cope productively. Reach out to your support systems, and consider taking some time off -- after all, you'll never have the freedom of being between school and work again!
如果你开始把自己看成“受害者”，或是长期消极，受伤的只会是你 自己。烦恼到生病、吸毒或不承认自己遇到了僵局，这些都是没有帮助的。最好的办法是承认现实、承认自我感受，找一个有富有成效的方法来解决问题。向支持你 的人寻求帮助，考虑休息一段时间——毕竟，将来你不会再有这种不用上学也不用工作的自由了。

Network Like Mad in Your Chosen Field
在你选择的领域中“疯狂”地建立联系

A huge percentage of job openings aren't advertised because employers prefer to hire people through word of mouth. Developing relationships with people working in your field, then, means that you're top of mind whenever they hear of a new opportunity.
许多工作空缺都不会登广告招聘，因为雇主更喜欢任用推荐的人选。和在你的领域工作的人们建立联系的意义是：当一有新机会出现，人们头脑中第一时间想到的就是你。

Learn about new contacts by researching firms in your industry, joining social networking sites like LinkedIn, asking your parents' friends, and joining relevant professional associations. Approach individuals by e-mail first, and don't put them on the defensive by asking for a job outright. Instead, show curiosity about their career path and see if they'll agree to lunch or coffee.
你 可以调查你所在行业的公司，或者，加入在线社交网站，或是问问父母的朋友和参加相关的职业组织。这些都能帮你建立联系。可以先用电子邮件和别人取得联系， 不要明确地提出想获得工作，这会使对方心生戒备。对他们的职业生涯表示好奇；然后，问一问是否能同他们一起吃午饭或喝咖啡。

Hone Your Reputation as a Can-Do, Enthusiastic Employee
为自己赢得一个动手能力强、工作热忱的好名声

Don't have a sense of entitlement -- your company isn't responsible for your career growth: you are. Only approach your boss with a problem or complaint if you've explored all options for resolving it yourself. When you do, be prepared with a solution you could implement with her help.
不要认为什么都是“应当”的——你应该对自己的职业发展负责，而不是你的公司。在向老板提出问题或是抱怨之前，先尝试一切能自己解决的办法。如果你不得不提，也要准备好一个解决方案，这个方案有她的帮助就能实现。

The words I don't have time should never escape your lips. If you know something needs to be done, do it without being prodded. Your boss will quickly come to see you as someone she can count on and a huge asset to the team. If you have conflicting priorities, ask your boss to help sort them out.
绝对不该说“我没有时间”这样的话。如果你知道需要做某项工作，应该不用敦促地完成。你的老板很快会把你看成一个靠得住的人、团队的一大资产。如果要做的事情先后顺序有冲突，让老板为你决定。

Don't Think of Your First Job as the Be All, End All to Career Stardom
不要把自己的第一份工作看成职业生涯中的“永远”

How can you master the skills it takes to get ahead without putting any time in the trenches? That's like saying you could win an Olympic medal in swimming without learning to doggie paddle first. Look at your first post-college positions as temporary stops on your career path instead of permanent ones. Don't be in such a rush to get promoted either -- you have a long career life ahead of you to shoulder the heavy burden of being on top. In the meantime, enjoy getting paid to learn everything you can so that snagging your next job isn't quite as challenging!
不从底层做起你怎么能掌握发展所需要的技能？这就好比连狗刨都没学会就想在奥运会上 拿金牌。把你刚毕业后的工作看成职业生涯中的临时站点而不是永久站点。也不要急着获得晋升——前方的职业道路由你扛重担的时间会很长。快乐地一边拿着工资 一边学习吧，这样获得下一份工作就不费吹灰之力了!

机器与人交流的五大法则

作者 Don Norman

阅读本文英文原文（翻译：陈可，校对：李鱼）

编者注：本文为作者Don Norman的最新书籍《The Design of Future Things》

编者：本书最后部分，作者比较了由机器开发的设计原则和由人总结的设计原则。下文中是机器对于如何与人交流的想法。 

1.  让事情尽量简单。

人类难以处理任何复杂的事物，他们不喜欢聆听。因此，提示信息应该尽量简短。最好不要使用语言。语言的理解需要较长的时间，并且，人类的语言很容易产生歧义。

2.  给人类一个清晰的概念模型。 

给人类一些他们简单的脑袋瓜能理解的东西。概念模型是一个虚像，但是非常重要，它可以帮助人们理解。人类总是渴望知道接下来是什么。因此，告诉他们正在做什么，尤其不要忘记告诉他们为什么，这样才能取悦他们。传达概念模型的最好方式是通过“自然”的交流系统。

有时候最“自然”的吸引人类的方法是我们——机器，做出的奇怪动作。这里所说的“自然”，当然是指对于人类来说的自然。这就是说当人们进行错误操作的时候，你不能仅仅是告诉他们他们正在进行错误的操作。你要让要让事情看上去像什么东西就要坏了。人们常常在驾车的时候不注意安全，但是几乎不可能对他们解释这样做的危险性及其后果。最好的方法是让他们相信，这将会使得自己陷入困境。我们发现颤抖，抽动，对于操作没有反应，以及奇怪的噪音可以非常有效的对于让人类意识到错误。人们会迅速形成一个概念模型，意识到什么东西已经破坏了，因此他们会放慢下来，而这也恰恰是我们想要他们做的。 

3.  给出理由 

人们总是缺乏信任。如果我们告诉他们某些信息，他们总是会想自己亲眼看到。他们喜欢直观的图片与图表。必须确定你给他们的解释和你教授给他们的概念模型是一致的，否则他们就会感到疑惑。

当我们刚开始代替人们做事的时候，我们遇到过一些麻烦。我们二十一世纪早期的汽车几乎已经完全放弃了劝说人们在潮湿路面低速驾驶。随后，我们发 现通过制造在潮湿的路面上打滑的假象，我们可以让人们以为出了什么问题，这样他们就会恳求我们减速。侧滑的危险比我们的口头说教更符合人们关于危险的概念模型，给了他们一个减速的理由。因此 不管什么时候，不要尝试说教——让他们自己去体验。

4.  让人们认为自己掌握着控制。 

当人们有一个好的概念模型和好的反馈信息，他们会觉得一切尽在掌控中，尽管有时候实情并不是这样。保持这个善意的欺骗，这非常有用。人们喜欢控制的感觉，尽管实际上他们很不擅长这一点。他们喜欢想象他们控制着一切，即使这意味着他们需要好好补补功课。

任何时候你需要向人们建议某事的时候，请让他们相信这是他们自己的主意。如果你真想速战速决，那就不要让他们知道。他们不知道的事情不会让他们烦。就好像许多年来我们使用各种技术制动和平衡人们使用的车辆，控制家中的灯具和室内温度，所有这一切都没有让他们知道。洗碗机和洗衣机为人们服务以来也鲜有不满。 

我们中一些生活在城市里的机器们还学会了其他的戏法。我们为步行者提供交通信号灯上的虚假开关。我们在电梯加上标识“关门”的虚假按钮，在办公室安装虚假的温度控制器。我们甚至都懒得为这些东西接上线，只是做做样子而已，这些开关和调节装置完全不起作用，但却让人们觉得安心。真是不可思议！

5. 持续的信心。 

让他们放心是人类一个非常重要的需求。这更多程度上是一个情感的需求，而不是信息量的需求。这是可以让人们减少焦虑的一种方式。反馈信息是让用户安心的有效手段。不管人们什么时候通过按下按钮或者转动旋钮来跟你说话，你都要让他们知道你注意到了他们做了什么——“是的，我听到了。”“好的，我正在做这个”“这正是你所期待的”“瞧，这里，我已经完成了，我早说了我能说到做到”。人们喜欢这些东西，这会帮助他们更有耐心。

我们机器认为不必要的交流是违反直觉的，不自然的。但是对人们来说，反馈信息是必要的。这对于他们的情感的帮助远甚于对认知的帮助。如果他们有一会儿看不到任何发生的事情，他们就会变得神经质。而没有人想和一个神经质的人打交道。

让人们安心是一件复杂的事情，因为安心和厌烦之间只有非常小的距离。因此，你需要同时迎合人们的情感和智力需求。不要说得太多，他们讨厌喋喋不休。不要吡吡叫或者不停地闪灯，人们永远也记不住那些信号是什么意思，而且还容易被整的心烦意乱或者生气。最好的让人们觉得放心的方法是让事情下意识的完成。也就是说，意图很清晰，但是不需要人们中断有意识的思维来注意它。就象第二条总结的，给他们自然的反应。 

原文链接：http://www.uigarden.net/chinese/ren-yu-ji-qi-jiao-liu-de-5-da-fa-ze

When we think about social networks—we tend to focus on the connecting nodes. The links that bind us and what makes a network, a network. But the less frequently told story is the one where we spend countless hours building and maintaining our own little "social solar systems". In these "social systems" we have multiple planetary ecosystems revolving around us.

We are the center of our own micro-universe.

The related social graph is difficult to explain, but social systems is easy. Many of us are now managing multiple social ecosystems. If you think of these as planets—some rotate in closer proximity to us. We "warm" them with our attention frequently. Others may orbit at further proximities—but they are still in our social systems. When we abandon a social ecosystem that we can no longer sustain, it drifts away from our orbit and dies. Many of us have had these experiences.

But when we find ourselves as the supplier of light in our self-created microverse, the implications become clear. There are only so many ecosystems that we can meaningfully sustain. And I suppose if you were to zoom out of this specific "social system"—you might encounter others. The number could be infinite.

以下内容引用了部分内容http://www.sitepoint.com/article/quantify-user-experience

 

What is the User Experience?

The term "user experience" refers to a concept that places the end-user at the focal point of design and development efforts, as opposed to the system, its applications or its aesthetic value alone. It's based on the general concept of user-centered design.

The user experience is primarily made up of a four factors:

• branding
• usability
• functionality
• content

Independently, none of these factors makes for a positive user experience; however, taken together, these factors constitute the main ingredients for a website's success.

测量前需要注意的：

An objective tool for measurement and analysis helps you provide your clients with fact-based recommendations, as opposed to mere conjecture and opinion. The methodology we'll explore in this article will help you to:

• Remove your personal preferences (subjectivity) from the equation as much as possible.
• Enable persons with different backgrounds (designers, developers, clients) to share a common understanding of the site.
• Create ground rules for comparisons of the site to those of competitors, or past development efforts.
• Provide your clients with a fact-based, visual representation of their site's benefits and limitations.

Branding

Branding includes all the aesthetic and design-related items within a Website. It entails the site's creative projection of the desired organizational image and message. Statements used to measure branding can include:

• The site provides visitors with an engaging and memorable experience.
• The visual impact of the site is consistent with the brand identity.
• Graphics, collaterals and multimedia add value to the experience.
• The site delivers on the perceived promise of the brand.
• The site leverages the capabilities of the medium to enhance or extend the brand.
• 
  
  Functionality

  Functionality includes all the technical and 'behind the scenes' processes and applications. It entails the site's delivery of interactive services to all end users, and it's important to note that this sometimes means both the public as well as administrators. Statements used to measure a site's functionality can include:

• Users receive timely responses to their queries or submissions.
• Task progress is clearly communicated (e.g., success pages or email updates).
• The Website and applications adhere to common security and privacy standards.
• Online functions are integrated with offline business processes.
• The site contains administration tools that enhance administrator efficiency.

Usability

Usability entails the general ease of use of all site components and features. Sub-topics beneath the usability banner can include navigation and accessibility. Statements used to measure usability might include:

• The site prevents errors and helps the user recover from them.
• Overall page weight is optimized for the main target audience.
• The site helps its visitors accomplish common goals and tasks.
• The site adheres to its own consistency and standards.
• The site provides content for users with disabilities.

Content

Content refers to the actual content of the site (text, multimedia, images) as well as its structure, or information architecture. We look to see how the information and content are structured in terms of defined user needs and client business requirements. Statements used to measure content can include:

• Link density provides clarity and easy navigation.
• Content is structured in a way that facilitates the achievement of user goals.
• Content is up-to-date and accurate.
• Content is appropriate to customer needs and business goals.
• Content across multiple languages is comprehensive.

然后用蜘蛛图做比较和分析。